Ethnodemographic specifications of Xinjiang (P.R. of China)

The paper examines ethnic, demographic, cultural and linguistic aspects of China's Xinjiang Province. It analyzes regional specifications and through cause-and-effect explains historical process of formation of different ethnicities and nations, their natural movement, migration and population change, as well as contemporary challenges and tendencies of development

Identifikacija pogodnih lokacija za primenu solarne energije na teritoriji opštine Pirot

U ovom radu primenom geografskih informacionih sistema (GIS), metodom valorizacije i eliminacije, izvršena je identifikacija pogodnih lokacija za primenu solarne energije, odnosno izgradnju solarnih elektrana koje bi smanjile količinu sagorevanja fosilnih goriva i doprinele održivom razvoju. Analizirani su prirodni i antropogeni uslovi. Od prirodnih uslova, kabinetskim radom obrađene su morfometrijske karakteristike terena (nagib i ekspozicija), namena zemljišta, prisutnost zaštićenih područja, a od antropogenih uslova istražena je blizina saobraćajnica. Svi prirodni uslovi su kartografski prikazani u vidu tematskih karata, a kao konačan proizvod dobija se finalna, sintezna karta pogodnosti lokacija za eksploataciju solarne energije. Najveći potencijal solarne energije u Srbiji prisutan je u južnom i jugoistočnom delu zemlje, iz tog razloga je kao studija slučaja, analizirana opština Pirot

Identifikacija pogodnih lokacija za primenu solarne energije na teritoriji opštine Pirot

U ovom radu primenom geografskih informacionih sistema (GIS), metodom valorizacije i eliminacije, izvršena je identifikacija pogodnih lokacija za primenu solarne energije, odnosno izgradnju solarnih elektrana koje bi smanjile količinu sagorevanja fosilnih goriva i doprinele održivom razvoju. Analizirani su prirodni i antropogeni uslovi. Od prirodnih uslova, kabinetskim radom obrađene su morfometrijske karakteristike terena (nagib i ekspozicija), namena zemljišta, prisutnost zaštićenih područja, a od antropogenih uslova istražena je blizina saobraćajnica. Svi prirodni uslovi su kartografski prikazani u vidu tematskih karata, a kao konačan proizvod dobija se finalna, sintezna karta pogodnosti lokacija za eksploataciju solarne energije. Najveći potencijal solarne energije u Srbiji prisutan je u južnom i jugoistočnom delu zemlje, iz tog razloga je kao studija slučaja, analizirana opština Pirot

Visual integration of geodata in thematic cartography

Contemporary cartographic production requires working with databases, of various topographic and thematic structures, which must be standardized and with the possibility of converting values from one data type to another. In order to better map out the reality, in the modeling process, the geodata are systematized within the databases, graphically integrated in regard to thematic significance (primary and secondary). Cartographic methods of geo-visualization offer numerous solutions for interactive visual representation of thematic content. Adjusting the graphic representation and ways of interaction while using the cartographic models allow the visualization of the "hidden" content provided by geodata. By integrating standardized data, in the framework of a database (classification, standardization ...), besides the basic cartographic representation, the interconnected and conditioned additional and supplementary, synchronized graphical representations of the cartographic issues can be realized. Synchronized representations can originate from the same database as the basic map or they can be made by combining data from multiple different databases (with the ability to manipulate within the same formats, classifications, standardizations ...). In doing so, the interactive capabilities in manipulating the maps must be well thought out and evaluated. The approach, ways and limits of database manipulation, as well as the offered cartographic visualization solutions, should provide users with highlighting of the most important aspects of the representation. The coordination of different, but synchronized representations is enabled by visual integration of geodata, in order to create a geo-visual environment in the context of understanding large amounts of data (content, space and time). A complex structure of geodata can be cartographically integrated and presented if it is adapted and based on the principles of cartographic generalization and cartographic design. The content generalization on a model can be the following: taxonomical, spatial, attributive and graphical. The content generalization and symbolization of the thematic maps are key procedures for geo-visualization. The degree of generalization (geometric and semantic) influences the degree of data integration that are graphically represented

Sublimation of graphication and geovisualization using the cartographic method

The map is the basic tool of interactive, dynamic geospatial research. The complex structure of geodata is necessary to be graphically interpreted with the help of cartographical presentation (locational and attributional). The synergy of cartographic visualization, generalization and cartographic methods enables efficient implementation of geosystem analysis. Geovisualization includes a range of activities according to research, systematization, classification and typification, analysis and synthesis, comparison, presentation to the interpretation of occurrences and processes in geospace. The cartographic translation is a complex process of visualization of geo-data, based on the scientific procedures of generalizing the content of the map using the cartographic method. The gnoseological sense of the cartographic method is also the primary goal of geovisualization: - spatial definition of the phenomenon, - time correlation of the phenomenon and processes of actual reality and their evolution, and - essential definition of the phenomenon and processes of actual reality. The cognitive sense of cartographic visualization is primarily achieved through the procedures of cartographic generalizations. Digital technology provides great opportunities for modern cartographic visualization. Besides realistic, virtual maps are of great importance too. Visual dynamic representations of geo-data (interactive visualization of spatial databases) and the creation of detailed 3D and 4D models are continually increasing. Digital data processing enables new dimensions of data analysis, and the process implies generalizing data from the source database while respecting different geo-data attributes, as well as adequate graphical solutions in displaying a generalizable data set

Sublimation of graphication and geovisualization using the cartographic method

The map is the basic tool of interactive, dynamic geospatial research. The complex structure of geodata is necessary to be graphically interpreted with the help of cartographical presentation (locational and attributional). The synergy of cartographic visualization, generalization and cartographic methods enables efficient implementation of geosystem analysis. Geovisualization includes a range of activities according to research, systematization, classification and typification, analysis and synthesis, comparison, presentation to the interpretation of occurrences and processes in geospace. The cartographic translation is a complex process of visualization of geo-data, based on the scientific procedures of generalizing the content of the map using the cartographic method. The gnoseological sense of the cartographic method is also the primary goal of geovisualization: - spatial definition of the phenomenon, - time correlation of the phenomenon and processes of actual reality and their evolution, and - essential definition of the phenomenon and processes of actual reality. The cognitive sense of cartographic visualization is primarily achieved through the procedures of cartographic generalizations. Digital technology provides great opportunities for modern cartographic visualization. Besides realistic, virtual maps are of great importance too. Visual dynamic representations of geo-data (interactive visualization of spatial databases) and the creation of detailed 3D and 4D models are continually increasing. Digital data processing enables new dimensions of data analysis, and the process implies generalizing data from the source database while respecting different geo-data attributes, as well as adequate graphical solutions in displaying a generalizable data set

High intensity interval training protects the heart during increased metabolic demand in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial

AimThe present study assessed the effect of high intensity interval training on cardiac function during prolonged submaximal exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsTwenty-six patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to a 12 week of high intensity interval training (3 sessions/week) or standard care control group. All patients underwent prolonged (i.e. 60min) submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (at 50% of previously assess maximal functional capacity) with non-invasive gas-exchange and haemodynamic measurements including cardiac output and stroke volume before and after the intervention.ResultsAt baseline (prior to intervention) there was no significant difference between the intervention and control group in peak exercise oxygen consumption (20.36.1 vs. 21.75.5ml/kg/min, p=0.21), and peak exercise heart rate (156.3 +/- 15.0 vs. 153.8 +/- 12.5 beats/min, p=0.28). During follow-up assessment both groups utilized similar amount of oxygen during prolonged submaximal exercise (15.0 +/- 2.4 vs. 15.2 +/- 2.2ml/min/kg, p=0.71). However, cardiac function i.e. cardiac output during submaximal exercise decreased significantly by 21% in exercise group (16.2 +/- 2.7-12.8 +/- 3.6L/min, p=0.03), but not in the control group (15.7 +/- 4.9-16.3 +/- 4.1L/min, p=0.12). Reduction in exercise cardiac output observed in the exercise group was due to a significant decrease in stroke volume by 13% (p=0.03) and heart rate by 9% (p=0.04).Conclusion Following high intensity interval training patients with type 2 diabetes demonstrate reduced cardiac output during prolonged submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Ability of patients to maintain prolonged increased metabolic demand but with reduced cardiac output suggests cardiac protective role of high intensity interval training in type 2 diabetes.Trial registration ISRCTN78698481. Registered 23 January 2013, retrospectively registered

Značaj kartografije u planiranu i zaštiti prirodnih i kulturnih dobara

Bitnost i istorijska vrednost prirodnih i kulturnih dobara Srbije zahteva organizovan, odgovoran i profesionalan pristup pri njihovom planiranju, kompleksnoj zaštiti i očuvanju u strateškim dokumentima. Bogatstvo prirodnih i kulturnih dobara Srbije i svesnosti o njihovom značaju, nameće pitanje zaštite stvorenih kulturnih dobara u interakciji sa prirodnim okruženjem. Mnogobrojni vidovi interakcija prirodnih i kulturnih dobara i njihove forme mogu se efikasno sagledati 2D, 3D i 4D kartografskim prikazima. Savremena kartografska produkcija usmerena je ka obradi, prezentaciji i distribuciji velike količine geopodataka, za potrebe planiranja i zaštite prirodnih i kulturnih dobara u prostornim i urbanističkim planovima. Potencijali digitalne grafike kartoprostora pružaju široku mogućnost prilagođavanja prezentacije njihovih sadržaja. Ona služi kao: - grafička baza podataka; - vizuelni putokaz; - način grafičkog saopštavanja; - alternativni prikaz menjanjem perspektive, razmere, projekcije, stepena generalizacije; - za pridruživanje i grafičku obradu dodatnih geopodataka iz različitih izvora-baza podataka i dr. Pored podataka postojećeg stanja, tokom procesa planiranja i zaštite prirodnih i kulturnih dobara, formira se i obimna produkcija prostornih podataka vezanih za planska rešenja. Kartografski prostor se u toku tih istraživačkih, transformacijskih, reprodukcijskih i publikacijskih postupaka sve više širi. Primena savremenih metoda geovizuelizacije omogućava fleksibilnost neophodnih aplikacija (interaktivnosti, animacije, multimedija, multivarijantne prezentacije). Prirodna i kulturna dobra Srbije predstavljaju njenu vrednost, koju treba prepoznati, poštovati, odgovorno čuvati i prezentovati. U multidisciplinarnom sistemu razumevanja geopodataka vezanih za prirodna i kulturna dobra, neophodan je jasan i objektivan prikaz njihovog realnog stanja, njihovih funkcija, interakcija, značaja, saznanja o eventualnim problemskim situacijama, ugroženosti, planskim promenama, pravcima razvoja i zaštite. Prezentacija karakteristika prirodnih i kulturnih dobara kartografskim putem omogućava da se one predstave i shvate stručno, jasno i očigledno. Pri tome, neophodno je poštovanje zakonske regulative u oblasti prostornog planiranja i životne sredine

Značaj kartografije u planiranu i zaštiti prirodnih i kulturnih dobara

Bitnost i istorijska vrednost prirodnih i kulturnih dobara Srbije zahteva organizovan, odgovoran i profesionalan pristup pri njihovom planiranju, kompleksnoj zaštiti i očuvanju u strateškim dokumentima. Bogatstvo prirodnih i kulturnih dobara Srbije i svesnosti o njihovom značaju, nameće pitanje zaštite stvorenih kulturnih dobara u interakciji sa prirodnim okruženjem. Mnogobrojni vidovi interakcija prirodnih i kulturnih dobara i njihove forme mogu se efikasno sagledati 2D, 3D i 4D kartografskim prikazima. Savremena kartografska produkcija usmerena je ka obradi, prezentaciji i distribuciji velike količine geopodataka, za potrebe planiranja i zaštite prirodnih i kulturnih dobara u prostornim i urbanističkim planovima. Potencijali digitalne grafike kartoprostora pružaju široku mogućnost prilagođavanja prezentacije njihovih sadržaja. Ona služi kao: - grafička baza podataka; - vizuelni putokaz; - način grafičkog saopštavanja; - alternativni prikaz menjanjem perspektive, razmere, projekcije, stepena generalizacije; - za pridruživanje i grafičku obradu dodatnih geopodataka iz različitih izvora-baza podataka i dr. Pored podataka postojećeg stanja, tokom procesa planiranja i zaštite prirodnih i kulturnih dobara, formira se i obimna produkcija prostornih podataka vezanih za planska rešenja. Kartografski prostor se u toku tih istraživačkih, transformacijskih, reprodukcijskih i publikacijskih postupaka sve više širi. Primena savremenih metoda geovizuelizacije omogućava fleksibilnost neophodnih aplikacija (interaktivnosti, animacije, multimedija, multivarijantne prezentacije). Prirodna i kulturna dobra Srbije predstavljaju njenu vrednost, koju treba prepoznati, poštovati, odgovorno čuvati i prezentovati. U multidisciplinarnom sistemu razumevanja geopodataka vezanih za prirodna i kulturna dobra, neophodan je jasan i objektivan prikaz njihovog realnog stanja, njihovih funkcija, interakcija, značaja, saznanja o eventualnim problemskim situacijama, ugroženosti, planskim promenama, pravcima razvoja i zaštite. Prezentacija karakteristika prirodnih i kulturnih dobara kartografskim putem omogućava da se one predstave i shvate stručno, jasno i očigledno. Pri tome, neophodno je poštovanje zakonske regulative u oblasti prostornog planiranja i životne sredine

Gis application in analysis of natural conditions for the genesis of torrents in territory of LOEQ ''Vlasina"

In this paper predisposition of the terrain for the emergence of torrents by application of Geographic Informational Systems (GIS) was made. Due to great ecological importance of this area, it is necessary to continuously monitor the state of the environment. High rainfall over a short period of time is the main cause of torrential floods, and because of the high elevation of Vlasina, the average annual rainfall exceeds 800 mm. The method used to determine the predisposition of a landscape of exceptional qualities (LOEQ) "Vlasina" on occurrence of torrential flood is the Flash Flood Potential Index (FFPI). To identify the possibility of torrential floods occurence, natural conditions were analyzed: slope of the terrain, types of geological substrate, vegetation density and the way the land use. Using the GIS tool, a map of the susceptibility of terrain to the occurrence of torrents in the territory of LOEQ "Vlasina" was obtained, and the classification of rivers was made based on the probability of occurrence of torrential floods on them